Design and Application of Integrated Shotcrete Linings for Underground Openings in Weak Rock Masses
Tunnels and caverns excavated in weak rock masses require special consideration in terms of shotcrete lining design. Shotcrete as a support medium for weak rock provides major benefits...
Reduction of Head Losses in Tunnels by Means of Shotcrete
Head losses in blasted rock tunnels conveying water to hydropower stations often significantly reduces the energy production in the plant. Typical values on the head losses in tunnels...
Guidelines for Shotcrete Support in Hard Rock
The writer is working on a handbook on shotcrete in hard rock. The work is sponsored by the Swedish Power Board, Development Division. The main contents are: Choice of shotcrete support...
Active Tunnel Design?A New Concept for Predesign, Contractual Lay-out and Construction Management
Active tunnel Design is a new concept for design, layout of specification and contract, and for construction management of tunnels and underground carverns. Investigations yeild more information...
Technical Note: STC-40 Shotcrete Adhesion In Situ Tester
It is essential that the shotcrete when reinforcing the rock mass achieves a good adhesive bond to the rock surface. The strength of that bond can be controlled by pull out testing either...
Guidelines for Shotcreting and Current Development in the Wet-Mix Technique in Finland
Guidelines for shotcreting were written based on the literature survey and shotcreting trials. During shotcreting trials existing Norwegian and Middle-European wet-mix shotcreting concepts...
Site Measurement of Shotcreting Dust
Shotcreting is broadly used today as an excellent lining system, which enables to assure rapidly the stability of excavated rock surface. This system however leaves room for improvements...
Fire Testing of Shotcrete Samples in a Small Furnace
The fire resistance behaviour of 8 shotcrete samples were investigated in a laboratory furnace applying ISO 834 standard test. Shotcrete was applied on 20 to 30 cm thick granite slabs...
Use of Steel-Fiber Reinforced Wet-Mix Shotcrete in Extreme Rock-Bursting Conditions
If the stresses close to tunnels or caverns exceed the capacity of the surrounding rock, rock-bursting might start. When tunneling in such rock conditions the need for a safe, quick and...
Steel Fiber Reinforced Shotcrete?For Rock Support and Fire Protection
Rapid development in concrete technology and development of equipment has led to a change from dry hand-operated to wet robot shotcreting in Norway. Shotcrete of more than 100 MPa cube...
Use of Long, Variable Length Steel Fibres in Shotcrete
Steel wires are cut to fibres in a shotcrete nozzle and directly incorporated in the ejected shotcrete. Long and variable length fibres can be used. The fibre material is better utilized...
Steel Fibre Reinforced Wet Shotcrete with Very High Deformation Capacity
Tests have been carried out under site conditions in Norway where the performance of 40 mm long DRAMIX fibres was compared with normally used 30 mm fibres. The fibres were mixed into the...
Various Techniques for Fiber Reinforcement
Placing wire netting in thin shotcrete layers was found to be a difficult, dangerous and time-wasting method. Searching for other ways to reinforce the concrete, it has been found that...
Route 5: Steel Fibre Shotcreting in Shing Mun Tunnels Hong Kong?Specifying for Innovation
The Shing Mun tunnels form the central 2.6 km length of the Route 5 Highway connecting Tsuen Wan and Sha Tin New Towns, Hong Kong. The crossing of one of the areas was particularly difficult,...
The Introduction of Steel Fibre Shotcrete to Underground Cavern Support in Taiwan
The Mingten project is located in a sheared, sandstone rock mass near a regional fault. The design philosophy introduced steel fibre shotcrete as a permanent cavern support in Taiwan....
Fibre Reinforced Shotcrete Case Studies of Wet and Dry Processes
Both wet shotcrete and fibre reinforced shotcrete are being increasingly utilised in the South African mining industry. This Paper describes two applications of fibre reinforced shotcrete...
Reinforced Shotcrete Linings as Part of an Integrated Support System Used in a High Stress Mining Environment
Shabanie and King Mines are situated in the Southern part of Zimbabwe, some 60 km apart and approximately 200 km east of Bulawayo. They are the largest underground operations in Zimbabwe...
Block Dynamics Modeling in Support of Seismic Design
The behavior of an underground excavation is usually characterized by stresses and displacements which develop around the excavation as a result of prevailing field conditions. For conventional...
Options for Dynamic Analyses of Underground Facilities
Continuum and discontinuum modeling techniques for conducting dynamic analysis of underground facilities of geologic repository are discussed. Compared with continuum analysis, the discontinuum...
Dynamic Response of Tunnels in Jointed Rocks
We describe the application of the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to the dynamic analysis of the response of tunnels in jointed rocks to earthquake loading. In situations where large motions...
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